| Abraham Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8,
1970) was an American psychologist. He is mostly noted today for his
proposal of a hierarchy of human needs, considered the father of
Humanism in psychology. Maslow's primary contribution to psychology is
his Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow contended that humans have a number of
needs that are instinctoid, that is, innate. These needs are classified
as "conative needs," "cognitive needs," and "aesthetic needs." "Neurotic
needs" are included in Maslow's theory but do not exist within the
hierarchy.
Maslow postulated that needs are arranged in a hierarchy in terms of
their potency. Although all needs are instinctive, some are more
powerful than others. The lower the need is in the pyramid, the more
powerful it is. The higher the need is in the pyramid, the weaker and
more distinctly human it is. The lower, or basic, needs on the pyramid
are similar to those possessed by non-human animals, but only humans
possess the higher needs.
The first four layers of the pyramid are what Maslow called "deficiency
needs" or "D-needs:" the individual does not feel anything if they are
met, but feels anxious if they are not met. Needs beyond the D-needs are
"growth needs," "being values," or "B-needs." When fulfilled, they do
not go away; rather, they motivate further.
The base of the pyramid is formed by the physiological needs, including
the biological requirements for food, water, air, and sleep.
Once the physiological needs are met, an individual can concentrate on
the second level, the need for safety and security. Included here are
the needs for structure, order, security, and predictability.
The third level is the need for love and belonging. Included here are
the needs for friends and companions, a supportive family,
identification with a group, and an intimate relationship.
The fourth level is the esteem needs. This group of needs requires both
recognition from other people that results in feelings of prestige,
acceptance, and status, and self-esteem that results in feelings of
adequacy, competence, and confidence. Lack of satisfaction of the esteem
needs results in discouragement and feelings of inferiority.
Finally, self-actualization sits at the apex of the original pyramid.
In 1970 Maslow published a revision to his original 1954 pyramid, adding
the cognitive needs (first the need to acquire knowledge, then the need
to understand that knowledge) above the need for self-actualization, and
the aesthetic needs (the needs to create and/or experience beauty,
balance, structure, etc.) at the top of the pyramid. However, not all
versions of Maslow's pyramid include the top two levels.
Maslow theorized that unfulfilled cognitive needs can become redirected
into neurotic needs. For example, children whose safety needs are not
adequately met may grow into adults who compulsively hoard money or
possessions . Unlike other needs, however, neurotic needs do not promote
health or growth if they are satisfied.
Maslow also proposed that people who have reached self-actualization
will sometimes experience a state he referred to as "transcendence," in
which they become aware of not only their own fullest potential, but the
fullest potential of human beings at large. He described this
transcendence and its characteristics in an essay in the posthumously
published The Farther Reaches of Human Nature.
Maslow's theory of human needs draws strongly on the pioneering work of
Henry Murray (1938). This provides the basis for wide-ranging and
extensively validated work relating to achievement, affiliation, power
and ambition."We move toward self actualization". This quote brings in
Maslow's theory of motivation, tying along with the growth, happiness
and satisfaction of every person. He believes to be motivated that it is
not driven by reducing tension or avoiding frustration that people look
for a positive view.
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