Confucius (Chinese 551 BCE – 479 BCE) was an esteemed
Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy
have deeply influenced Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese thought
and life.
His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality,
correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values
gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism during
the Han Dynasty. Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system
of philosophy known as Confucianism. It was introduced to Europe by the
Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as
"Confucius" .
His teachings are known primarily through the Analects of Confucius, a
collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many
years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any
specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius, but
for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all
the Five Classics such as the Classic of Rites and the Spring and
Autumn Annals.
According to tradition, Confucius was born in 551 BCE. This was during
the Spring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of
Thought philosophical movement. Confucius was born in the city of Qufu,
in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province). He was born
into a poor deposed noble family that had recently fled from the State
of Song.
The Records of the Grand Historian , compiled some four centuries later,
indicate that Confucius was conceived out of wedlock . His father was
seventy, and his mother only eighteen at his birth. His father died when
he was three and he was brought up in poverty by his mother. His social
ascendancy linked him to the growing class of Shì , a class between the
old nobility and the common people.
As a child, Confucius was said to have enjoyed putting ritual vases on
the sacrifice table. He married a young girl named Qi Quan at nineteen,
and she had their first child Kong Li when he was twenty.
Confucius worked as a shepherd, cowherd, clerk and book-keeper. When
Confucius was twenty-three, his mother died and he entered three years
of mourning.
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