| René Descartes (French IPA: (March 31, 1596 – February
11, 1650), also known as Renatus Cartesius (latinized form), was a
highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and
writer. Dubbed the "Founder of Modern Philosophy", and the "Father of
Modern Mathematics", much of subsequent western philosophy is a reaction
to his writings, which have been closely studied from his time down to
the present day. His influence in mathematics is also apparent,
the Cartesian coordinate system that is used in plane geometry and
algebra being named for him, and he was one of the key figures in the
Scientific Revolution.
Descartes frequently contrasted his views with those of his
predecessors. In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, a
treatise on the Early Modern version of what are now commonly called
emotions, he goes so far as to assert that he will write on his topic
"as if no one had written on these matters before".
Nevertheless many elements of his philosophy have precedents in
late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in
earlier philosophers like St. Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he
differs from the Schools on two major points: first, he rejects the
analysis of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejects
any appeal to ends—divine or natural—in explaining natural phenomena. In
his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God’s act of
creation.
Descartes was a major figure in 17th century continental rationalism,
later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by
the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley,
and Hume.
Leibniz, Spinoza and Descartes were all versed in mathematics
as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to
science as well. As the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system,
Descartes founded analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and
geometry crucial to the invention of calculus and analysis.
Descartes's reflections on mind and mechanism began the strain of
western thought that much later, impelled by the invention of the
electronic computer and by the possibility of machine intelligence,
blossomed into the Turing test and related thought.
His most famous statement is: Cogito ergo sum (French: Je pense,
donc je suis; English: I think, therefore I am), found in §7 of part I
of Principles of Philosophy (Latin) and in part IV of Discourse on the
Method (French).
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